Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Aug 25;10(8):e0004877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004877. eCollection 2016 Aug.

Abstract

The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly) and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain-Barré syndrome) has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of "TORCH" viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Americas / epidemiology
  • Brain / pathology
  • Brain / virology*
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Epidemics
  • Fetal Diseases / pathology
  • Fetal Diseases / virology*
  • Fetus / virology*
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Genome, Viral
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / epidemiology
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome / virology
  • Humans
  • Microcephaly / economics
  • Microcephaly / virology*
  • Virus Replication
  • Zika Virus / genetics
  • Zika Virus / pathogenicity*
  • Zika Virus / physiology
  • Zika Virus Infection / complications
  • Zika Virus Infection / physiopathology
  • Zika Virus Infection / virology*

Grants and funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work. Research reported in this publication was supported by a UNC Research Opportunities Initiative grant to UNC Charlotte, NC State University, and UNC-Chapel Hill. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.